439. The Semiflexible Era: Schindler and the Pre-Fiberoptic Revolution

By the early 20th century, endoscopy had evolved from candle-lit brass tubes into electrically illuminated rigid instruments. The decisive shift toward flexibility — the stage upon which Rudolf Schindler would make his contribution — was the product of several converging advances in optics, illumination, and instrument design that began in the late 19th century.

You can listen to 439. The Semiflexible Era: Schindler and the Pre-Fiberoptic Revolution online on Radio and Podcast. Open the player on this page to stream the available audio.

439. The Semiflexible Era: Schindler and the Pre-Fiberoptic Revolution is an episode from Surgery 101 by Jon White.

This episode is 10:16 long.

This episode was published on Jan 14, 2026.

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